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The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs. It excluded King Charles's son, the Dauphin Charles, who by right of primogeniture was the heir to the Kingdom of France. Although the Treaty was ratified by the Estates-General of France, the act was a contravention of the French law of succession which decreed that the French crown could not be alienated. Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognized only by the English and Burgundians until 1435〔Charles, John Foster Kirk, ''History of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy'', (J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1863), 36.〕 as King Henry II of France.〔Patrick, James, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', (Marshall Cavendish, 2007), 601.〕〔Neillands, Robin, ''The Hundred Years' War'', (Routledge, 1991), 263.〕〔Morgan, Kenneth O., ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain'', (Oxford University Press, 2000), 200.〕〔Oman, Charles William Chadwick, ''The History of England, from the Accession of Richard II to the Death of Richard III (1377-1485)'', (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1906), 316-317.〕〔Hare, Christopher and Mare Andrews, ''The life of Louis XI'', (C. Scribner, 1907), 15-16.〕〔Thackeray, Frank W., ''Events that changed the world through the sixteenth century'', (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001), 57.〕 He was crowned King of France on 16 December 1431.〔(Lebigue, Jean-Baptiste, "L'ordo du sacre d'Henri VI à Notre-Dame de Paris (16 décembre 1431)" ), ''Notre-Dame de Paris 1163-2013'', ed. C. Giraud, (Brepols, 2013), 319-363.〕 In practical terms, King Henry's de jure sovereignty and legitimacy as king of France was only recognised in the English and allied-controlled territories of France which were under the domination of his French regency council, while the Dauphin ruled as King of France in part of the realm south of the Loire. The Dauphin was crowned as King Charles VII of France at Reims on 17 July 1429, largely through the martial efforts of Joan of Arc, who believed it was her mission to free France from the English and to have the Dauphin Charles crowned at Reims.〔Gower, Ronald Sutherland, ''Joan of Arc'', (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), 21.〕〔Williams, Jay, ''Joan of Arc'', (Sterling Publishing Company, 2007), 11.〕 In 1435, the Duke of Burgundy, released from his obligations to Henry VI by a papal legate,〔Harriss, Gerald, ''Shaping the Nation'', (Oxford University Press, 2007), 567.〕 recognised Charles VII as the rightful king of France.〔Charles, John Foster Kirk, ''History of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy'', (J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1863), 36.〕 The defection of this powerful French noble marked the end of Henry's ''de facto'' reign over France.〔Andrews, Allen, ''Kings and Queens of England and Scotland'', Marshall Cavendish Publications Ltd., London, 1976, p. 82.〕 The Dual monarchy came to an end with the final victory of the French at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453, thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion. The English were expelled from all of the territories which they had controlled in France, with the sole exception of Calais. Charles VII had thus established himself as the undisputed king of almost all of France. ==Background== (詳細はHundred Years' War (1337–1453) escalated, and the conflict between the two nations reached its peak in an intermittent series of belligerent phases, with each phase usually ending with a temporary truce lasting for a few years. In the first phase Edward III won some extraordinary victories against the French, most notably at Crécy and Sluys. His son Edward, the Black Prince also captured the French king John II at the battle of Poitiers in 1356, and routed the French army. The year 1360 marked the end of the first phase and an opportunity for peace. In the Treaty of Brétigny the French king was ransomed for an amount equal to twice the French kingdom's Gross. In addition, the French granted Edward III an extended Aquitaine, thus restoring one of the main duchies of the previous Angevin Empire. Edward III was, however, forced to give up his title as the rightful king to the throne of France, this claim being based on his mother, Isabella. Charles V ascended to the throne, and in 1369 hostilities were reopened by the French declaring war, thus breaking the treaty. This time they led to embarrassing strategic defeats for the English side. Charles' strategy was to attack the castles, where English victories were less certain, and to avoid pitched battles with the English; with this important strategic move, the extended English holdings in Aquitaine were quickly recaptured. The English, now on the defensive, lost more territory, but retained Gascony. By now, Edward was aging and no longer fit to lead in battle. His son, the Prince of Wales, predeceased him by a year, and so when Edward III died in 1377 it was his grandson Richard II who became king. There was another truce in 1396 when Richard II married Isabella of Valois, a daughter of King Charles VI of France, thus marking the end of the second phase. Peace did not last long however, as, in 1399, Henry IV usurped Richard's throne while Richard was away in Ireland, thus provoking French hostility in 1403 which marked the beginning of the third phase of the war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dual monarchy of England and France」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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